Bilge and Bilge Water leakage
Acts 27 - Paul onboard a ship in a storm; Acts 27 explained
To name a sail, first name the mast, then the sail by its position on the mast. So Mainsail, Mainroyal, etc.. The example to the left lists all possible sails on a mast. Most 18th c. ships did not have some of the one's on top.
The Masts in order, from bow to stern of a ship:
Fore-mast
Main-mast
Mizzen-mast
"Singing out at the sheets" - "Heave" - "Ho" A sheet is a rope, attached to the clew [The lower corners of square sails or the corner of a triangular sail at the end of the boom], used to control the setting of a sail in relation to the direction of the wind. The sheet is often passed through a tackle before being attach to fixed points on the deck.
Staysails are named by the mast and mast section on which they are hoisted. Thus, the staysail hoisted on a stay that runs forward and downwards from the top of the mizzen topgallant mast is the mizzen topgallant staysail. If two staysails are hoisted to different points on this mast, they would be the mizzen upper topgallant staysail and the mizzen lower topgallant staysail.
Jibs: Schooners typically have up to three jibs. The foremost one sets on the topmast forestay and is generally called the jib topsail, a second on the main forestay is called the jib, and the innermost is called the staysail. Actually, all three sails are both jibs and staysails in the generic sense.
Original usage in 18th and 19th century square-rigged ships distinguished between the fore staysail, set on the forestay running from the foremast head to the ship's peak, the foremost part of the hull, and the jibs set on stays running to the bowsprit. Jibs, but not staysails, could also be "set flying," i.e. not attached to the standing rigging. Sails set beyond the peak were typically called jibs, set on stays running from the fore topmast to the bowsprit, or the fore topgallant mast to the jibboom or even the fore royal mast to the flying jibboom. A large square-rigged ship typically has four jibs.
From forward to aft, these sails are called:
Flying jib
Outer jib
Inner jib
Fore (topmast) staysail
Bowsprit, Jib-boom and Spar
A diagram of the three spars and some of the rigging that can make up a bow:
Original usage in 18th and 19th century square-rigged ships distinguished between the fore staysail, set on the forestay running from the foremast head to the ship's peak, the foremost part of the hull, and the jibs set on stays running to the bowsprit. Jibs, but not staysails, could also be "set flying," i.e. not attached to the standing rigging. Sails set beyond the peak were typically called jibs, set on stays running from the fore topmast to the bowsprit, or the fore topgallant mast to the jibboom or even the fore royal mast to the flying jibboom. A large square-rigged ship typically has four jibs.
From forward to aft, these sails are called:
Flying jib
Outer jib
Inner jib
Fore (topmast) staysail
Bowpsirit
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| Bowsprit of Falls of Clyde, showing a downward pointed dolphin striker, chain bobstays, and three furled jibs |
Bowsprit, Jib-boom and SparA diagram of the three spars and some of the rigging that can make up a bow:
A.) Bowsprit,
B.) Jib-boom,
C.) Flying jib-boom,
D.) Jibstay.
E.) Fore Topgallant Stay,
F.) Flying Jibstay,
G.) Fore Royal Stay,
H.) Topmast stays,
I.) Outer Forestay,
J.) Inner Forestay
Downhaul
Windlass
Knight-heads
Bulkhead - Interior walls of a ship other than a hull itself, originally designed to make storing cargo easier.
Athwart - across from
Hawse - cable or thick roap leading to the anchor
Headsails - collectively, the jibs
Studding Sails - an extra sail hoisted alongside a square-rigged sail on an extension of its yardarm. It is named by appending the word studding to the name of the working sail alongside which it is set (e.g. "fore topsail studdingsail"). These sails provide extra speed in fine weather
Downhaul
Windlass
Knight-heads
Bulkhead - Interior walls of a ship other than a hull itself, originally designed to make storing cargo easier.
Athwart - across from
Hawse - cable or thick roap leading to the anchor
Headsails - collectively, the jibs
Studding Sails - an extra sail hoisted alongside a square-rigged sail on an extension of its yardarm. It is named by appending the word studding to the name of the working sail alongside which it is set (e.g. "fore topsail studdingsail"). These sails provide extra speed in fine weather
Reefing the Sails - is the means of reducing the area of a sail, usually by folding or rolling one edge of the canvas in on itself. The converse operation, removing the reef, is called "shaking it out." Reefing improves the performance of sailing vessels in strong winds, and is the primary safety precaution in rough weather. Reefing sails improves vessel stability and minimizes the risk of damage to the sail or other gear.
Heave To - Fixing the sails and rudder so that the force of the wind is cancelled out by the drag of the keel and the direction of the rudder (which is fixed by lashing the wheel in place). It is meant to stop and keep the boat in place. It is effective in heavy weather.
Slip Anchor - To slip anchor usually means that the anchor chain and anchor are released from the windlass that raises and lowers it. Thus the anchor is abandoned. If the hawse has been attached to a buoy, then the anchor may later be recovered or used to remoor the ship.
Spritsail (on a ship rigged ship) - On large sailing ships a spritsail is a square-rigged sail carried on a yard below the bowsprit. Spritsails were commonly used on sailing vessels . . . until about 1800. Until the mid-18th century, most ships also flew a sprit-topsail from the short sprit topmast that rose vertically above the fore end of the bowsprit. The full-rigged ships of the golden age of sail had no spritsails, as the area under the bowsprit was instead occupied by rigging (martingales and dolphin striker) that reinforced the bowsprit and jib-boom against the forces of an increasing number of jibs.
Heave To - Fixing the sails and rudder so that the force of the wind is cancelled out by the drag of the keel and the direction of the rudder (which is fixed by lashing the wheel in place). It is meant to stop and keep the boat in place. It is effective in heavy weather.
Slip Anchor - To slip anchor usually means that the anchor chain and anchor are released from the windlass that raises and lowers it. Thus the anchor is abandoned. If the hawse has been attached to a buoy, then the anchor may later be recovered or used to remoor the ship.
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| Ship with Upper and Lower Spritsails |
Boom - spar along the foot of a sail, almost always associated today with fore and aft rig sails.
Backstay - Rope or cable attached to the top of the mast -- a piece of standing rigging on a sailing vessel that runs from the mast to either its transom or rear quarter, counteracting the forestay and jib. It is an important sail trim control and has a direct effect on the shape of the mainsail and the headsail. Backstays are generally adjusted by block and tackle,
Ship's bell - is used to indicate the time aboard a ship and hence to regulate the sailors' duty watches. The bell itself is usually made of brass or bronze, and normally has the ship's name engraved or cast on it. The strikes of a ship's bell do not accord to the number of the hour. Instead, there are eight bells, one for each half-hour of a four-hour watch. In the age of sailing, watches were timed with a 30-minute hourglass. Bells would be struck every time the glass was turned, and in a pattern of pairs for easier counting, with any odd bells at the end of the sequence. The hours between 16:00 and 20:00 are so arranged because that watch (the "dog watch") was divided in two. The odd number of watches aimed to give each man a different watch each day; it also allowed the entire crew of a vessel to eat an evening meal, the normal time being at 17:00 with first dog watchmen eating at 18:00,
Measuring Wind -
1. Wind is always given from the direction at which it strikes the observer, so a NE wind would be travelling NE to SW.
2. Wind speed and its effects on the sea have been standardized since the mid-19th century, though presumably the Beaufort scale was based on commonly understood terms from the past.
Wind Scale Wind Speed Waves Sea Conditions Land Conditions
Description
Calm 0 < 1 mph 0 feet Sea like glass Smoke rises vertically
Light Air 1 1-3 mph 0-1 ft. Ripples Smoke drifts
Light Breeze 2 4-7 mph 1-2 ft. Small wavelets Wind felt on face
Gentle Breeze 3 8-12 mph 2-3.5 ft. Large wavelets w/crests Leaves & twigs in motion
Moderate == 4 13-18 mph 3.5-6 ft. Small waves Raises dust & rustles trees
Fresh Breeze 5 19-24 mph 6-9 ft. Moderate waves Small trees w/leaves sway
Strong Breeze 6 25-31 mph 9-13 ft. Large Waves & spray Large branches in motion / hard to use an umbrella
High Wind / 7 32-38 mph 13-19 ft. Sea heaps up and white Whole trees in motion
Near Gale foam from breaking waves Some difficulty in walking
begins to be blown in streaks against the wind
along the direction of the wind
Gale / 8 39-46 mph 18-25 ft. Moderately high waves Hard to walk. Twigs break off Fresh Gale trees
Strong Gale 9 47-54 mph 23-32 ft High waves - sea begins to roll Structural damage possible to chimneys and roofs.
Storm 10 55-63 mph 39-41 ft Very high waves & rolling sea Rare inland. Trees uprooted.
Violent Storm 11 64-72 mph 37-52 ft. Exceptionally high waves Devastation
Hurricane 12 >72 mph >46 ft. Sea white w/spray
At Beaufort 1 look to 2
Ship's bell - is used to indicate the time aboard a ship and hence to regulate the sailors' duty watches. The bell itself is usually made of brass or bronze, and normally has the ship's name engraved or cast on it. The strikes of a ship's bell do not accord to the number of the hour. Instead, there are eight bells, one for each half-hour of a four-hour watch. In the age of sailing, watches were timed with a 30-minute hourglass. Bells would be struck every time the glass was turned, and in a pattern of pairs for easier counting, with any odd bells at the end of the sequence. The hours between 16:00 and 20:00 are so arranged because that watch (the "dog watch") was divided in two. The odd number of watches aimed to give each man a different watch each day; it also allowed the entire crew of a vessel to eat an evening meal, the normal time being at 17:00 with first dog watchmen eating at 18:00,
Measuring Wind -
1. Wind is always given from the direction at which it strikes the observer, so a NE wind would be travelling NE to SW.
2. Wind speed and its effects on the sea have been standardized since the mid-19th century, though presumably the Beaufort scale was based on commonly understood terms from the past.
Wind Scale Wind Speed Waves Sea Conditions Land Conditions
Description
Calm 0 < 1 mph 0 feet Sea like glass Smoke rises vertically
Light Air 1 1-3 mph 0-1 ft. Ripples Smoke drifts
Light Breeze 2 4-7 mph 1-2 ft. Small wavelets Wind felt on face
Gentle Breeze 3 8-12 mph 2-3.5 ft. Large wavelets w/crests Leaves & twigs in motion
Moderate == 4 13-18 mph 3.5-6 ft. Small waves Raises dust & rustles trees
Fresh Breeze 5 19-24 mph 6-9 ft. Moderate waves Small trees w/leaves sway
Strong Breeze 6 25-31 mph 9-13 ft. Large Waves & spray Large branches in motion / hard to use an umbrella
High Wind / 7 32-38 mph 13-19 ft. Sea heaps up and white Whole trees in motion
Near Gale foam from breaking waves Some difficulty in walking
begins to be blown in streaks against the wind
along the direction of the wind
Gale / 8 39-46 mph 18-25 ft. Moderately high waves Hard to walk. Twigs break off Fresh Gale trees
Strong Gale 9 47-54 mph 23-32 ft High waves - sea begins to roll Structural damage possible to chimneys and roofs.
Storm 10 55-63 mph 39-41 ft Very high waves & rolling sea Rare inland. Trees uprooted.
Violent Storm 11 64-72 mph 37-52 ft. Exceptionally high waves Devastation
Hurricane 12 >72 mph >46 ft. Sea white w/spray
Beaufort Scale 11 (Video)
Beaufort Scale 7 (Video)
At Beaufort 1 look to 2
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